Police Diversity Essay Example for Free

Police Diversity Essay Racial discrimination is an issue that so many professionals know about. Dealing with it may be the problem, but attempts to deal with it have been shown since the early times when it was noticed. According to Zeisel, there is evidence that the federal courts of appeal have been urged to take action on the administration of death sentences. Zeises notes that the death sentences in the federal courts, which he writes as a Florida experience, were administered discriminating against the black people (1981). In his writing, Zeisel states that two petitioners had provided evidence showing that the black offenders were being discriminated. The petitioners are, Maxwell V. Bishop who provided evidence to show that the black offenders were being discriminated against, and a petitioner in Spinkerllink v. Wainwright, who provided data showing that murderers of the white people were being discriminated against. This report by the petitioner from Spinkerllink indicated that there were high chances of murderers of the white to end up in death rows than murderers of the black people Zeisel, 1981). This though never received any action as the courts are noted to have refused to obtain evidence of racial discrimination. Zeisel notes that the data available in the criminal justice system of Florida, prove that there have been such kinds of discrimination (1981). This is a case that was identified in the 1980s, but does it exist today? Has the system changed? Racial discrimination has been a major problem in most federal courts with most minorities, especially the black people, facing cruel judgments than the white people. Some reports indicate that more blacks are found behind bars than whites considering their number in the total American population. The people are few in number, yet if the number of people in prison is compared to the white people in prison, they are almost half the whites total. This is the aim of this paper. Analysis of data about arrests made in Florida will be done to determine if the minorities are arrested more and if still, there is racial discrimination. Data to be analyzed was obtained from the Florida department of Law enforcement, which was recorded in the year 2004 by UCR. Analysis Do minority commit more crimes? According to the statistics on arrests by age and race in Florida, there are several offenses for which the white, Indians and the black people were arrested. Whites constituted a bigger group of people arrested with a total of 672,987, this is followed by the black people who were a total of 351,871. The total Indians arrested were 1,496 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005). There are some offenses that no Indian was arrested at all, for example bribery and embezzlement. Comparing this to the other groups, a total of 38 whites were arrested for bribery and 20 black people for the same offense. In the case of embezzlement, 363 blacks were arrested while 749 whites were arrested(Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. The offense categorized as miscellaneous had the highest number of offenders with 299, 442 white offenders, 159,378 black offenders and 1,034 Indian offenders. Drug arrest and simple assault also had high numbers of offenders. White people arrested for simple assault were 60, 018, while the black offenders in this case were 29,650, and the Indian offenders arrested for this case were 89. Drug arrests had these numbers; whites 84,829, black people 65,167 and Indians 112 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. These are examples from the data obtained about arrests made in the year 2004 under various offenses. Generally, the minority, which in this case is the black people, committed more crime. This is because the number of black people in Florida compared to the total population is small. Research reports show that in the year 2000, the percentage of non white people was 17. 8. The total population of Florida then was 15,982,824 (Schenker, 2008). From this data, it means that the non white people were only 2,844,943. This includes even the Indians. The population in the year 2007 is noted to be 18,680,367 indicating a growth of 16. 9%. This means that on average, each year, there was an approximate growth increase of 449,591 making an approximate of 177, 811,88 total population of Florida as at 2004. The rate of increase of the the non white population per year is approximated as 0. 31% (8,819) based on the fact that the total percentage increase of the total population by 2010 is 19. 8% (Schenker, 2008). This means that the total non white population based on the yearly increase was approximately 2,880,219 in 2004. If this population is compared with the approximated total population in 2004, then the number of non white people is small compared to white. This is proof that more blacks commit more crimes according to the data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. An example is in drug arrests. The number of white people arrested in this case is 84, 829. The total number of white people if approximated in the year 2004 was 14,900,969. From this the percentage of the white people arrested is 0. 569%. If this is compared to the number of black people arrested which is 65,167 on drug arrests, the percentage arrested to the nonwhite population is 2. 263%. This calculation is done using the total of non white people which includes Indians. If the number of Indians were excluded, then it means the total percentage would be higher. From this calculation, the number of black people arrested is higher by 1. 694%. How can this be judged? That these people commit more crimes? According to several sources, there have been so many cases of discrimination against black people living in America. This could just be a proof to it. It is though just an assumption since the number of people arrested cannot prove that the people are being discriminated against, though is a strong indication. Domnitiz and Knowles noted after research that black people were found to be guilty in police practices more than the white people. The economists note that â€Å"unbiased police practices as the police plans to do, can not prove that the guilt rates of motorists will be equalized among all races† This implies that however much the police try to show that they do not practice any racism in their policing, there is still knowledge by the public that there is racial discrimination in police practices. Domnitiz and Knowles indicated that motor vehicle search statistics show that the black motorists are singled out more that the white people (2006). The above case could therefore be considered as racial discrimination. Conclusion  From the above analysis, it is quite evident that there is racism. Just from the many sources that information is obtained, most of the cases are just indicating discrimination against the black people. In some sources though, black policemen were also found to be discriminative (Jaynes and Williams, 2007). This though is not indicated in the discussion but is an indication that even the black can discriminate against the other races. It may be therefore that, discrimination is due to the fact that the black are a minority. It is not easy to conclude this way though as there are other races in Florida too. What then can be the reason?

The Contradicting Gorgias Philosophy On The Non Existent Philosophy Essay

The Contradicting Gorgias Philosophy On The Non Existent Philosophy Essay Existence, this word affects many primitive philosophers. One of these is Gorgias, he is a nihilist or a person who believes nothing exists, or that the world is incomprehensible, and that the concept of truth is fictitious. He said that Nothing exists; Even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and Even if something can be known about it, knowledge about it cant be communicated to others. Even if it can be communicated, it cannot be understood. Heidegger  says that the fundamental problem of metaphysics is why there are beings rather than nothing. As it happens, and as Heidegger was certainly aware, there was an answer to this in the earliest days of Greek philosophy.  Parmenides  said, For you could not know that which is not (that is impossible) nor utter it; for the same thing can be thought as can be [the same thing exists for thinking as for being]. That which can be spoken and thought must be; for it is possible for it, but not for nothing, to be; that is what I bid you ponder [The Presocratic Philosophers, G.S. Kirk J.E. Raven, Cambridge University Press, 1964, pp.269-270]. The short answer is thus that beings exist rather than nothing because there  cannot be  nothing. 1The argument that Parmenides offers is that for us to think about something or talk about something, there must be something but nothing by definition is not something. Therefore, we cannot think about it or talk about it, and should not. In other words, we cannot properly use the concept; and when we dont, things like coming into being and perishing. which require non-existence, stop to exist. B. Statement of the problem This study sought to prove that the philosophy of Gorgias about the Non- existent is wrong. The researchers also sought the answers to the following questions: 1. What is existence? 2. How something can exist? 3. How can you sure that something is really existing? C. Significance of the study The researchers hope that the findings of this study helps and give new ideas to the readers. As long as the other philosophers that actually contradicted to Gorgias that this also has the point of view. 2 D. Scope and limitation This research contained the contradicting philosophy of the researchers towards to the philosophy of Gorgias about the Existence. This contains the different perspectives of various philosophers. CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE EXISTENCE A. The Existence According to Wikipedia, The word existence comes from the  Latin  word  existere  meaning to appear, to arise, to become, or to be, but literally, it means to stand out. It says that the existence can actually define when something is recognized. Some says that, it is the  world  we are  aware  or conscious  of through our  senses, and that  persists  independently without them.  Others define it to be everything that most people believe  in. When something is already existed in that kind of instance probably it would already knew by others. It is affirmative to the question of whether it is then when we say existence it is always actual and opposed by its nature. And according to Schopenhauer  claimed that everything that exists for knowledge, and hence the whole of this world, is only object in relation to the subject, perception of the perceiver, in a word, representation.  According to him there can be No object without subject because everything o bjective is already conditioned as such in manifold ways by the knowing subject with the forms of its knowing, and presupposes these forms. Materialism  holds that the only thing that exists is  matter that all things are composed of material, and all phenomena or consciousness are the result of material interactions. 3 B. Being The word being is a noun. According to Gilsons theory, it signifies either a being (that is, the substance, nature, and essence of anything existent), or being itself, a property common to all that which can rightly be said to be. The same word is the present participle of the verb to be. As a verb, it no longer signifies something that is, nor even existence in general, but rather the very act whereby any given reality actually is, or exists. Let us call this act a to be, in contradistinction to what is commonly called a being. It appears at once that, at least to the mind, the relation of to be to being is not a reciprocal one. Being is conceivable; to be is not. We cannot possibly conceive an is except as belonging to some thing that is, or exists. But the reverse is not true. Being is quite conceivable apart from actual existence; so much so that the very first and the most universal of all the distinctions in the realm of being is that which divides it into two classes, that of the real and that of the possible. Whether or not an object is present in a set; that is, exists there as a being, is based on universal experience or evidence of it. Existing objects are present to the experience of anyone. It is a legitimate goal therefore for philosophers of being to try to find a principle or element a something accounting for the presence of the object over the other possibility, its non-presence.   In Parmenides philosophy, he begins what he takes to a self-evident truth: it is. It is a truth of reason. It cannot be denied if you say, it is not, then you have proved that it is; for if nothing, its not nothing, rather it is something. Parmenides believed that being is rational; that only what can be thought can exist. Since nothing cannot be thought, there is no nothing, there is only being. 4 C. Cogito Ergo Sum Through reasoning there is a claim that cannot be doubted: when one contemplates one existence, it is not possible to have the slightest doubt that one does in fact exist (Cogito, Ergo Sum I think therefore I am); a philosophical Latin statement proposed by  Renà © Descartes.   The I in claim is not a physical person but an immaterial mind. The Cogito can only prove that I think. And he might just as well infer from it the existence of thought as the existence of I, one cannot be doubted that he thinks, therefore if you think, you are using your mind so your mind is existing. 5 CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION Based on the data that the researchers gathered, the researchers cannot say that there is nothing because if theres nothing, there will nothing to be explained or theres nothing to be communicate. If a man thinks, there will be a something that can explain or can communicate with, in contradiction to the philosophy of Gorgias that Nothing exists; Even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and even if something can be known about it, knowledge about it cant be communicated to others. Even if it can be communicated, it cannot be understood. So if its true that it cannot be understood, therefore theres no use for him to have a philosophy of nothing because he use to know that there will no knowledge to be understood. For this reason, theres no sense of having a teacher, professor, philosopher, orator etc. if there will no way of understanding. In this case, he himself is having a non-sense philosophy of nothing because the value of a word, phrase, sentence or a paragraph i s based on its knowledge that we can get from it. By the justification of Being of Parmenides, even the things that come into your mind is existing, even if its not existing the present time, it is existing in your mind. We can say that the mind is place where those specific things you think exist. It is it is a truth of reason. It cannot be denied if you say, it is not, then you have proved that it is; for if nothing, its not nothing, rather it is something. Parmenides believed that being is rational; that only what can be thought can exist. Since nothing cannot be thought, there is no nothing, there is only being. And based on the responses of the philosophers about Existence, few of them were actually believe that there can exist. One of them is Rene Descartes perspective. The cogito(mind) can exist through thinking. It more proves that a person is existing by knowing that his mind I existing because whenever you think, you are existing.

Implementation Of The Library Management System Technology Essay

Implementation Of The Library Management System Technology Essay This report focuses on the design and implementation of the library management system. It deals with the complete processes on building and implementing it. It focuses in the technical aspects of the system starting with identifying the necessary components and building the relevant relationship between or among them as needed for the smooth and efficient operation of the system. The process starts with the entities involved in the system, with proceeding towards the ER Diagram in order to identify the meaningful relationship between the entities. Next is the table design which fulfils the normalization principle of relational database system and finally the physical tables are created with the necessary and relevant data in them. The system can keep track of the members joining and leaving the library, borrowing and returning of the books. Checking the availability of the books using different attributes as parameters. Finally checking of the overdue books and fines payable is another feature of the system. Abbreviation SQL Structured Query Language ER Entity Relationship ERD Entity Relationship Diagram DDL Data Definition Language DML Data Manipulation Language 1. Introduction: Library management system is a system that facilitates the easiness in using and tracking the library assets. It provides an instant real picture and process of all the activities that happens in a library commencing from the member joining the library and the same leaving the library with all the utilization and rendering of the library facilities in between. 1.1 Background: A library is a collection resources especially books that a wide range of individuals can access and share them. Library has been in use since 15th century as has been gone through several stages of improvisation and its been in the form as today. Library can be categorized into different types according to the organization that runs it as Academic library, public library, School library etc. Further more it can be classified according to the subject matter of the documents it contains as Medical library, Law library, Arts Library etc. Libraries are organized in a way to access the materials in an easy an effective way. There are several systems in practice which makes the library organized. Library is basically concerned about acquisition, preservation and administration of its resources. In order to carry out these tasks a system is implemented. All these process has been carried out manually before the advancement of new technologies. Now the computer automated system is in practi ce to carry out these systems which makes all these processes effective and efficient. These computer automated systems makes easy for the members to access the available resources where as it makes easy for the librarians to keep track and maintain the library resources. 1.2 Objective: The objective of the entire project Design and implement a library database. Construct the expandable search alternatives for the best handling of member queries, searching the books by book title, book author, ISBN. Construct the search option for the librarian to find the over due books and fine details. 1.3 Scope: The goal of this project is to design a database for a college library which will be implemented in the form of an online library which provides members a digitized catalog in order to search the books and browse information about the book. In the same time this system also enables the librarians to find the information of the book in a precise way especially the fine and overdue books. The summarized activities are as follows: Members registration Book issue and collection Book cataloging Collecting overdue book and fines 1.4 Technology Used: Technology used in this project is MYSQL. 2. Current system and its fallacy The library is managed, organized and run by the librarian. All the functions like managing books, issuing books, and finding the books for the members is carried out by librarian. This is where the time and effort is consumed. Whereas the members also find difficulty in finding availability the books and need the assistance of librarian in every step. The librarian also finds it tedious if s/he has to deal with several members at a same time. There is a difficult system 2.1 New system and its features The new system is also based on the daily routines of the library but the function carried out within it will be automated. Once all the data are stored in a database with a proper system both the librarian and members will be benefited over the traditional system as it is designed with the following features in mind: Effective The library system will streamline the library process which accelerates the effectiveness of the library. Efficacious The users are served in a reasonable time and are also able to search and select their required books. Efficient Members and Librarians are able to use the system quickly without any long procedures. Elegant Since the system is intuitive and comprehensive and is designed to be as effortless as possible 3. Literature Review This report focuses on the conceptual design of the system using ER i.e. entity relation ship diagram which is a diagrammatic representation of the entities and their relation with one another which is explained in the forth coming section. The ER is constructed using the UML. UML stands for unified modeling language. Software engineering uses UML as the standardized modeling language. It was created by Object management group. UML is a language used to present the blueprint of the system to be designed. It has got its own notations to represent the processes and objects involved in the software to be designed. ER Diagram is a graphical representation of the entities and relation between them in order to execute a system. This Diagram is constructed in some available ER Diagramming packages which is Visual paradigm community edition in this case. MYSQL has been chosen as the database system for this library management system. Since it is relational database available under the terms of GNU public license. Besides the ease of using through a variety of freely available tools as PHPMYADMIN makes a choice of most of database designers today. Besides it is the database of choice because of its high performance, high reliability and ease of use. Moreover it runs on maximum operating systems available in the IT fraternity like windows, Mac OS, Linux, Solaris, IBM . 3.1 Requirement Analysis The library management system should be able to fulfill the user requirements to all the extent and when analyzed are found as follows Member should be able to join and leave the library Member of a library should be able to borrow and return books Member of the library should be able to check book availability. Librarian should be able to check the overdue book and the fines payable. 4. New system Design The library management system with the goal to cover the requirements noted above needs to be developed in a system which has the proven track of implementing the same or same type of systems. So, a relational database system is chosen to carry out the task. The relational database system is basically a system where data is stored in a container called tables and the relational among them is also stored in the same form. The new system follows the waterfall model of the software development models. The processes in execution order in a water fall model are: Requirement analysis Software Design Integration Testing Deployment Maintenance 4.1 Conceptual Data Model The design of this data model is part of software design phase. After going through the requirement analysis the next step is the Software design and in it conceptual data model is the first among them. The conceptual data model identifies the necessary entities and establishes a relevant relation among them. In this design ER Diagram (Entity relationship diagram) is created to illustrate the relations between the entities. The diagrammatic conceptual representation of structured data is known as ER Diagram. Relational schema is used in this method for database modeling. The dominant method of database designing in the Software industry is the ER Diagram. Peter Chen invented the ER diagram in the early days to model the design of the databases from a more abstract perspective particularly for the academic research. Based on that, ER diagram was further elaborated and now is used worldwide in different forms. ER diagram deals with three major components of a database namely, Entity, A ttributes and Relation. Entity is nothing but a set of particular thing which shares common properties. Whereas attributes are the set of common properties which the entity share. The last but not the least component of an ER Diagram is a relation which is the model of association between one or more entities. Each relationship in ER Diagram has a cardinality which defines the degree of relationship between the two entities. In other words how the related entities has presence over one another. Cardinality is of three types: one to one, one to many and many to many. In an ER diagram the one occurrence of the entity is shown by a vertical line and many occurrence of the entity is shown by the crow foot. The relationship is established on the basis of several keys called primary keys and foreign keys. Besides there are other keys called candidate key and composite key. Primary key: The attribute which uniquely identifies a record in a table is called primary key. Foreign Key: As the name specifies this is the key which points the primary key of another table to which it is related. Candidate Key: The attribute that is identified to be unique for a given record is the candidate key. Composite Key: Primary key consisting of more than one attributes to identify the record uniquely is composite key. For the library system the constructed ER Diagram is shown below. 4.2 Logical Design The logical representation of the entities is drawn out in the logical design. It is a table prototype of the entities. Based on the conceptual Design above we do have following table and entities mapping. Member member_id (integer), member_fname (varchar), member_lname (varchar), member_address(integer), member_phone (varchar), member_email (varchar), member_type(integer) member_id is primary key and member_address and member_type are foreign keys to build the one to many relationship between address table and member table and member table and member_type table respectively. Member_Type member_type_id(integer), member_type_name (varchar), member_type_allowed_day (integer), member_type_fine (integer) member_type_id is primary key. Address address_id(integer), address_description (varchar), postcode (varchar) address_id is primary key. Postcode postcode_id (integer), postcode_description (varchar), postcode id is primary key. Books ISBN (integer), book_name (varchar), book_status (varchar), book_type_id (integer), book_publisher(integer) ISBNis primary key, book_type_id, book_publisher are the foreign keys which relates the the book table with book type with one to many, and with publisher table in one to many relation ship as well. Book_Type book_type_id(integer), book_type_name (varchar) book_type_idis primary key. Publisher publisher_id (integer), publisher_name (varchar) publisher_idis primary key. Author author_id(integer), author_fname (varchar), author_lname (varchar), author_email (varchar) author_idis primary key. Librarian librarian_id(integer), librarian _fname (varchar), librarian _lname (varchar), librarian _address(integer), librarian_phone (varchar), librarian_email (varchar) librarian idis primary key, librarian_address is the foreign key which establishes the one to many relationship with address table. Book_Author ISBN(integer), author_id(integer) ISBN is the foreign key which maintains one to many relation with books table and author_id is the foreign key which establishes the one to many relationship with author table. Thus in this way Many to Many relationship is established between Book and Author table. Borrow borrow_id(integer), member_id(integer), ISBN(integer), librarian_id(integer), borrow_date (date), return_date (date), expected_return_date (date) borrow_id is the primary key and memer_id, ISBN, librarian_id are the foreign keys. Member table and borrow table shares one to many relationship, Books table and borrow table shares one to many relationship and librarian table also shares one to many relation with borrow table involving the mentioned foreign keys. In other words many to many relation ship occurs between these entities i.e. many to many between librarian and books, member and books. Fine fine_id(integer), borrow_id(integer), librarian_id(integer), fine_amount (float), fine_id is the primary key and borrow_id, librarian_id are the foreign keys. Fine is associated with borrow in one to one relation whereas librarian is associated in one to many relation. 4.3 Normalization After the conceptual model the logical representation of entities are created and then before converting them into the tables with physical existence normalization is carried out. Normalization is process by which the data redundancy is nullified. This is achieved by disintegrating the single relationship with ambiguity into multiple smaller and precise relations. The tables holding such data are split into several atomic tables so that they become isolated and the data manipulations are carried out in a propagative way i.e. a change in an entry point data in a relation makes it triggered and reflected throughout the relations which frees tables from modification anomalies, i.e. insertion, updation and deletion anomalies. Several levels of normalization exist in database design and are called Normal Forms. They are First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF) and Third Normal form (3NF). First Normal Form (1NF) First Normal form is concerned with multiple valued attributes. For the table to be in a first normal form it cannot contain multiple values for any attributes. Second Normal Form (2NF) For the table to be in second normal form the non key attributes of the table shouldnt be partial dependent on any single element of composite primary key. Third Normal Form (3NF) For the table to be in third normal form the non key attributes shouldnt have the transitive dependency on the primary key. The tables for the different entities are normalized in following manner: Books Table (without normalization): Fields (ISBN, book_name, book_status, book_edition, book_type, book_publisher, book_author) where ISBN is the primary key. books table before normalization In the above table the author value is repeated in the book_author table, for the table to be in 1NF, the table cell must contain a single value. The next is the value of book publisher and book type is repeated in multiple rows so it results in the update, insert and delete anomalies. To overcome this problem the author name and publisher entity are separated into multiple tables as shown below. The author table is created with author_id as primary key. Author Table: Fields (author_id, author_fname, author_lname, author_email) where author_id is the primary key. author_id author_fname author_lname author_email 1001 Max Godwell [emailprotected] 1002 Robin Hood [emailprotected] The relationship between book and author table is maintained in book_author table which is many to many as many a book has many authors and an author can write many books. This relation is established by creating a third table book_author which maps book to author and vice versa. This table contains two fields both as foreign keys which refer to book and author table respectively to establish one to many relationship on both sides. Book_Author Table : ISBN author_id 91238745654 1 91238745654 2 Publisher Table: Fields (publisher_id, publisher_name) publisher_id is the primary key. Similarly the repetition of publisher values in a book table is rectified by creating a publisher table as publisher_id as primary key which is then mapped as foreign key in books table to create one to many relationship, which rectifies the insert, update and delete anomaly thus creates 1NF in all cases. publisher_id publisher_name 1 Apress 2 Princeton Book_Type Table: Fields (book_type_id, book_type_name) book_type_id is the primary key. Similarly the repetition of book type values in a book table is rectified by creating a book_type table with book_type_id as primary key which is then mapped as foreign key in books table to create one to many relationship, which rectifies the insert, update and delete anomaly thus creates 1NF in all cases. Book_type_id Book_type_name 1 Computing 2 Economics The second normal form deals with the dependency of the non key columns with the primary key, i.e. no non key columns can depend upon another non key columns or no non key columns can depends on any one column in case of composite primary key. The conclusion is all the non key columns must be dependent on primary key strictly. Since this is also satisfied in all the tables above all the tables satifies 2NF as well. The third Normal form deals with transitive dependency of non key columns, since this is abolished in all the tables above all the tables are in 3NF as well. Books Table (Normalized): Fields (ISBN, book_name, book_status, book_edition, book_type, book_publisher) ISBN is the primary key, book_type is the foreign key referring to book_type table and book_publisher is the foreign key referring to the publisher table. Books table after normalization Member Table: Fields (member_id, member_fname, member_lname, member_phone, member_email, member_address, member_postcode, member_type, member_allowed_day, member_type_fine) member_id is the primary key. Member table before normalization The table above contains repeated address, repeated postcode, repeated member type, repeated member_type_allowed day and member_type_fine so this should be resolved to convert the tables in 1NF. Since there is no composite primary key there is no partial dependency as such so once the above table is resolved to 1NF it becomes 2NF as well. Since member_type_allowed_day, member_type_fine is dependent on member_type alone which is dependent in member_id it creates transitive dependency. So the table to be in 3NF this anomaly should be removed. Again to overcome these anomalies the tables are separated and the relation between them are established accordingly. The member, address, postcode and member_type tables are separated as below to convert into 3NF. To avoid the repetition of member type in member table the member type is separated in member_type table with member_type_id as primary key and member_type as foreign key in member table which creates one to many relation between these two tables. This also rectifies the transitive dependency existing on the member table formerly and thus resolves the table to 3NF. Member_Type: Fields (member_type_id, member_type_name, member_type_allowed_day, member_type_fine) member_type_id is the primary key. member_type_id member_type_name member_type_allowed_day member_type_fine 1 Student 14 10 2 Lecturer 30 5 The dependency of address in postcode also creates the violation of 2NF through the dependency of non key attribute in another non key attribute other than primary key so this is further resolved by splitting address and postcode table separately. The address table has address_id as primary key which is referred in member table as foreign key which establishes one to many relation between them. At the same moment the postcode table is created with postcode_id as primary key and is referred in address table as foreign key named postcode also creates one to many relation between postcode and address. Thus the 2NF violation in member table is abolished and further more all the resulting table satisfies all the Normal form conditions. Address Table: Fields (address_id, address_description, postcode) address_id is the primary key and postcode is the foreign key referring postcode_id in the postcode table which creates one to many relation between address and postcode table. Address_id address_description postcode 1 121 East Road 1 2 45 Parr Road 2 3 36 Jhon Road 3 4 23 Plashet Road 1 Postcode Table: Fields (postcode_id, postcode_description) postcode_id is the primary key. postcode_id postcode_description 1 E15 3QS 2 NW9 1NF 3 SE1 2NX Member Table (Normalized): Fields (member_id, member_fname, member_lname, member_phone, member_email, member_type, member_address) member_id is the primary key; member_type is the foreign key referring to member_type_id in member table to create one to many relations between these two table. member_address is the foreign key referring to address_id of Address table to establish another one to many relation. As in case of librarian the repeating fields in a table address and which caused the insert, update and delete anomalies so violated 1NF and this is resolved by creating the Librarian table with the foreign key mapped to address table thus maintaining one to many relationship and thus abolishes any Normalization violations and thus results in satisfaction to all the Normal forms. Library Table (without normalization) : Fields ( librarian_id, librarian_fname, librarian_lname, librarian_phone, librarian_email, librarian_address, librarian_postcode) librarian_id is the primary key. Library Table (normalized): Fields (librarian_id, librarian_fname, librarian_lname, librarian_email) librarian_id is the primary key and librarian_address is the foreign key which refers to address_id in the Address table to create one to many relationship. Borrow Table (without normalization) : Fields (borrow_id, member_id, ISBN, issuing_librarian, borrow_date, return_date, expected_return_date, returning_librarian, fine_amount) borrow_id is the primary key. Borrow table before normalization The above table violates the 1NF by repeating the librarian ids at the same once it is resolved all other normal forms conditions are satisfied. The borrow table is divided into one more table as Fine and the librarian is associated to Borrow and Fine table separately through one to many relationships in both cases. This eradicates the violation of normal forms and thus makes the form normalized up to 3NF. Fine table: Fields (fine_id, borrow_id, librarian_id,fine_amount) fine_id is the primary key and borrow_id is the indexed foreign key which is mapped to the borrow_id of the borrow table, so as to create one to one relationship between them. The relation ship is created one to one as one borrow can only have one fine and not more than once. fine_id borrow_id librarian_id fine_amount 1 1 1001 10 2 2 1002 15 Borrow table (Normalized): Fields (borrow_id, member_id, ISBN, librarian_id, borrow_date, return_date, expected_return_date) borrow_id is the primary key. member_id is the foreign key which referrs to the member_id of the member table thus creating one to many relationship in between. Similarly ISBN is the foreign key that refers to the ISBN in the book table thus creating one to many relation between them. Similarly librarian_id is the foreign key that is mapped with librarian_id of the librarian table to create one to many relationship again. Borrow table after normalization 4.4 Physical Design The physical design refers to the creation of the physical tables in the preferred database management system. In database management system there are the specific SQL called Data definition languages (DDL) to create the physical table and establish the relationship between the tables. They are CREATE, ALTER, And DROP. CREATE statement is used to create the physical structure of the table. ALTER statement is used to modify the existing structure of a table as adding and removing columns, constraints etc. DROP statement is used to delete a table. For instance we have to create the tables as per the requirement. Here are the DDL statements to create the tables as illustrated in the ER diagram CREATE TABLE Books ( ISBN INT NOT NULL , book_name VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , book_status CHAR( 1 ) NOT NULL , book_type INT NOT NULL, book_edition INT NOT NULL , book_publisher INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( ISBN ) ); CREATE TABLE Book_Type ( book_type_id INT NOT NULL , book_type_name VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ( book_type_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Author ( author_id INT NOT NULL, author_fname VARCHAR ( 50) NOT NULL , author_fname VARCHAR ( 50) NOT NULL , author_email VARCHAR ( 100) NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Publisher ( publisher_id INT NOT NULL, publisher_name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY ( publisher_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Book_Author ( book_id INT NOT NULL , author_id INT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Member ( member_id INT NOT NULL , member_fname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , member_lname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL, member_phone VARCHAR( 25 ) NOT NULL , member_email VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , member_email VARCHAR( 100 ) NOT NULL , member_type INT NOT NULL , member_address INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (member_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Member_Type ( member_type_id INT NOT NULL , member_type_name VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , member_type_allowed_day INT NOT NULL , member_type_fine INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (member_type_id) ); CREATE TABLE Address ( address_id INT NOT NULL , address_desc TEXT NOT NULL , postcode INT NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (address_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Postcode ( postcode_id INT NOT NULL, postcode_description VARCHAR( 10 ) NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (postcode_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Librarian ( librarian_id INT NOT NULL , librarian_fname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , librarian_lname VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL , librarian_address INT NOT NULL , librarian_phone VARCHAR( 25 ) , librarian_email VARCHAR( 100 ) , PRIMARY KEY ( `librarian_id` ) ); CREATE TABLE Borrow ( borrow_id INT NOT NULL , member_id INT NOT NULL , ISBN INT NOT NULL , librarian_id INT NOT NULL , borrow_date DATE NOT NULL , return_date DATE , expected_return_date DATE NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY (borrow_id ) ); CREATE TABLE Fine ( fine_id INT NOT NULL , borrow_id INT NOT NULL , librarian_id INT NOT NULL , fine_amount FLOAT NOT NULL fine_paid CHAR( 1 ) NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( `fine_id` ), INDEX (borrow_id) ); Once the table physical structures are created then the relation among them are established as per the ER diagram and normalization. Below are the DDL statements used to create the foreign keys so as to create the relationship between the tables as illustrated in ER diagram. ALTER TABLE Books ADD FOREIGN KEY (book_type) REFERENCES Book_Type (book_type_id) ; ALTER TABLE Books ADD FOREIGN KEY ( `book_publisher` ) REFERENCES Publisher( publisher_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Book_Author ADD FOREIGN KEY ( ISBN ) REFERENCES books( ISBN ) ; ALTER TABLE Book _ Author ADD FOREIGN KEY ( author_id ) REFERENCES Author( author_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Member ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_address ) REFERENCES Address( address_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Member ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_type) REFERENCES Member_Type( member_type_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Librarian ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_address ) REFERENCES Address( address_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( member_id ) REFERENCES Member( member_id ) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( ISBN ) REFERENCES books(ISBN) ; ALTER TABLE Borrow ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_id) REFERENCES Librarian( librarian_id ); ALTER TABLE fine ADD FOREIGN KEY ( borrow_id) REFERENCES Borrow( borrow_id ); ALTER TABLE fine ADD FOREIGN KEY ( librarian_id ) REFERENCES Librarian( librarian_id ); ALTER TABLE address ADD FOREIGN KEY ( postcode ) REFERENCES Postcode( postcode_id) 5 Data Manipulation language Data manipulation language DML is SQL is the statement which used to insert, update, delete and retrieve the data from the table or multiple tables as per requirement. The INSERT statement is used to insert a record in a table. UPDATE statement is used to modify the value of the attribute in a record and DELETE statement is used to delete a record from the table. 5.1 DML to insert dummy records INSERT INTO Postcode (postcode_id ,postcode_description) VALUES (2, NW9 E5J); INSERT INTO Address (address_id ,address_desc ,po

Willy Lomans Illusions and Delusions in Arthur Millers Death of a Sal

Willy Loman's Illusions and Delusions in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman    Charley says something in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman that sums up Willy’s whole life. He asks him, "When the hell are you going to grow up† (Miller 97)?   Willy spends his entire life in an illusion, seeing himself as a great man who is popular and successful.   Willy exhibits many childlike qualities and his two sons Biff and Happy pattern their behavior after their father.   Many of these qualities, such as idealism, stubbornness, and a false sense of self-importance in the world have a negative impact on Willy’s family,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy is like an impetuous youngster with high ideals and high hopes.   Children always have high hopes for their future.   They all want to be astronauts or millionaires.   Willy always believes he can achieve that kind of success.   He never lets go of his wistful life.   â€Å"†¦What (sic) could be more satisfying than to †¦pick up a phone and call the buyer, and without even leaving his room†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Miller 81)?   He dreams of being the man who does all of his business from his house and dies as a rich and successful man.   Furthermore, Willy also dreams of moving to Alaska where he could work with his hands and be a real man.   Biff and Happy follow in thei... ... entire life, believes that he should be a great, well known, and well-liked salesman without ever really making a serious attempt at another occupation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy Loman is a child trapped in a man’s body.   He never lets go of his dreams.   He does not come to grips with his failure as a salesman, father, and husband.   Willy runs away from responsibility, and he asks others for handouts when in need, setting a bad example for his sons.   Until the day he dies, Willy has delusions about the facts of his life.   Willy never does grow up. Works Cited Miller, Arthur.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

CArloos Santana :: essays research papers

Carlos Santana Ryan Conroy All the world knows the special magic of Carlos Santana. Since 1966, he has led the group that bears his name, selling over 30 million albums and performing before an estimated 13 million people. In every performance, Carlos shares with his audience a personal communication that crosses all boundaries and differences. Carlos was introduced to traditional music by his father, Jose. An accomplished mariachi violinist and experienced musician, he taught Carlos the basics of music theory and gave him an understanding of the value of a note. Although Carlos' excitement for music would be sparked by his first experience, he quickly discovered the limits of its traditional form and wanted more. Carlos wanted to play the kind of music that was filling the radio waves and making people dance. Tijuana, 1955 the drastic change of moving from the small, quiet town of Autlan to the humming, thriving boom town of Tijuana brought a renewed hope and opportunity for a new life. Both for Carlos and his family. The eight-year old Carlos quickly left the violin for the guitar, studying and emulating the sounds of B.B. King, T-Bone Walker and John Lee Hooker. Soon he was being asked to join local bands like the T.J.'s, where he added a unique touch and feel to his own renditions of all the great songs of the 1950's. As he continued to play with different bands along the busy Tijuana Strip, he not Page Two only started to perfect his style and sound, but actually started bringing home enough money to really help his family. His future looked promising. In 1960, Carlos' family moved to San Francisco while Carlos stayed in Tijuana for another year to make extra money until his family was settled. However, he soon found himself amid the multicultural atmosphere of San Francisco, with all of its diverse musical styles. It was here that Carlos would find what he had been searching for, as if destiny had brought him to the right place at the right time. For the next five years, Carlos continued to evolve his own unique style of music that would later identify him as one of the most distinctive, innovative musicians of our time. In 1966, the music of Carlos Santana exploded on the streets of San Francisco with the debut performance of the Santana Blues Band. For the next two years, the Santana Blues Band was overwelmed by a wave of popularity that would take them from San Francisco's Fillmore West, to that historical performance in 1969 before 500,000 at the Woodstock Festival in New York.

The Italian peninsula

The Italian peninsula started off consisting and inhabited by a mixture of different ethnic groups, which includes the Sabines, Umbrians, Oscans and Latins. The Etruscans came from the sea from Lydia setting foot on North Eastern and Central Italy. They allied themselves with the Carthaginians, increasing their influence and conquering an enormous region of the Italian peninsula. Etruscan territory was composed of independent and separate city states that never came to form a unified Etruscan state and that absence of national identity brought the Etruscan dominance over the Italian peninsula to an end. The Greeks, on the other hand, settled over South Western Italy and the island of Sicily. The Greeks of Italy were engaged in primarily in commerce, thus pressure from adjacent civilizations had suppressed territorial expansion. The settlements being far off from Greek military influence and the lack of unification among these colonies, similarly as the Etruscan confederacies, had lessened their grip of the Italian territory. Near the borders of Etruscan influence, Rome was built in 753 BC as a city of Italic peoples living south of the Tiber. Rome was controlled by an absolute monarch, his rule checked and balanced by a council of elders, which was the Senate. However, during the 6th century, the Etruscans extended its control over Rome to suppress its development and established Etruscan monarchs as kings of Rome. Finally, in 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last Etruscan kings and started their conquest of Italy. Romans found themselves allied with the Greeks and other Latin tribes, although wielding supremacy over them, driving away the Etruscans from the Italian peninsula. However, the Latins resented the Romans hegemony over them and revolted against them, although the Romans dismantled them and took control over Latium. The Romans seized the rest of Italy through liberal and militaristic policies. The Romans cunningness in collaborating with native rulers and granting certain rights to citizens of cities that they have conquered enabled them to take control of Italy without encountering united opposition.

Assessment Project Essay

There are 3 main types of assessment initial, summative & formative. Initial assessments aim is to create a profile of the learner this can be achieved informally by setting questions relating to the learners previous knowledge skills & experience relating to the subject area, or by asking the learner why they have enrolled on the course & what they wish to achieve from it. The more formal method of completing an initial assessment known as a diagnostic assessment this will assist in identifying the learners capabilities, & what support will be needed to be offered to them for successful completion of the programme. On the course I teach which a level 1 chef’s diploma there is a skills test is carried out at the interview. The candidate is asked to cook off an omelette in order to assess his current levels of culinary skills. There are also diagnostic tests carried out relating to functional skills as these run alongside the diploma at various levels, to support the students. The tests allow the students to be placed in the appropriate set in order that they can improve these key skills alongside the diploma during their time at college. According to Petty. G. 2004 this is â€Å"closing the gap as it allows the programme to be moved nearer to the student†. Support tutors are also allocated to each class to assist those students with learning difficulties, for example I have several students in my class with dyslexia & literacy issues. An initial assessment could also be used to produce critical information that needs to go on the students profile at Shrewsbury we are aware of all students preferred learning styles VARKS, this assists us in lesson planning so we deliver our lessons according to the groups preferred learning styles. As the VARKS questionnaire will indicate your preference for taking in & putting out information in a learning context. The questionnaire only consists of 16 questions in order that those who complete the questionnaire are focused. Data produced from the questionnaire so far indicate that men’s preferred learning style is kinaesthetic where as the female learning style preference is reading & writing. As Wilson. l. 2009 states â€Å"many organisations are measured & funded on their success, therefore it is important the right learner is on the right course & receiving the right support. † A through initial assessment will allow this to happen which in the long term will benefit the learner & the education establishment. Formative assessment is assessment throughout the course. The aim of this is to provide feedback to the learner in order that the learner can improve their performance throughout the course in order that they can achieve the maximum grades. As Petty. G. 2004 states† for this to be effective the students should be given a medal which would be achieved by being given positive feedback about an area of their work. The mission is information about what needs improving this should be approached in a constructive manner a mission could be a target for the next piece of work or highlighting areas for improvement on the current piece of work. † Formative assessment which I carry out is by verbal questioning throughout the lesson, often using follow up questions to check the students have acquired knowledge & are not just providing the answers without the reasons behind them. I carry out a lot of questioning at the end of my sessions after I have summarised as well at the start of the next session to confirm the learning points from the last lecture. I also write & give out written tests at the end of the session. Some of these will be short answer questions in order for me to gauge the depth of knowledge the student has about the subject some will require brief explanations . For example explain why it is dangerous to hold hot food below 63 degrees C. I feedback marks to the students, this can also assist me if a majority of students have got the answer wrong I can check their understanding of this area & review my teaching in of this topic area to ensure improved learning takes place next time. The principles of assessment are described by Wilson. L. 2009 with the acronym â€Å"CADET. †Consistency is the first principle all assessments should be at a level standard. The assessments should also be accessible to the learners. Assessments should be detailed & cover all parts of the curriculum & not vary away from it. Learners should have also have earnt their qualifications therefore the qualification will have real meaning & be valid. Finally all those who take part in the process must fully understand it & the desired outcomes thus the process should be transparent. I am aware that short answer question verbal & written do not reveal the depth of the learners knowledge as according to Bloom â€Å"information or a fact can be recalled to mind however the learner will not be able to do anything with the information this is known as shallow learning. † Deep learning according to Bloom is â€Å"to apply the fact to different situations, & to be able to discuss & argue around the fact/ information. † In order to ensure the learning is of a deep nature once the fact has been established secondary questions stating why or can you explain that can be used, this will assist you in assessing the depth of the learners knowledge as a result of your teaching. The same applies to written questions rather than asking what colour fire extinguisher is used on an hot oil fire , which just reveals shallow knowledge it is better to ask â€Å"Why does a yellow fire extinguisher work on a deep fat fire ? †This will cause the learner to reveal his depth of knowledge. I use observation as a form of assessment when I supervise the students who work alongside me in the college refectory. I provide them with feedback at the end of their session. I have also issued them with customer service logs for them to self assess their own performance, they write down how they have handled customer complaints or how they went that extra mile for the customer. I sign these logs off at the end of each session with my comments against their own self assessment. I also use simulation to assess them, I will act as a customer asking for a healthy option or stating I cannot eat garlic do the foods on display contain any garlic, in order to check their product knowledge of what they are serving. At the end of each session in the refectory the students receive a written assessment of their performance from me which they maintain as evidence in their work file. The criterion that I base their performance on is based around the summative assessment that they have to complete as part of their course. I have issued all students with a copy of these criteria in order that they can work on the keys areas of performance. I also feedback to them on areas of shortfall that on the formal assessment day may cause them to fail, in order that they are fully prepared for the assessment. For example if they are late , inappropriately dressed or use their mobile in the work situation. Summative assessment is more formal & is usually associated with tests & exams. The course I teach is a City & Guilds qualification. On completion of each area of the course there is a summative City & Guilds test that the students have to complete. These summative tests take different forms they can be short questions based on work place scenarios, production of a leaflet or an information package relating to the topic that students have just studied. Each assignment is graded by me in line with the City & guilds marking criteria . Samples of my marked work are checked by other tutors to ensure quality control & consistency in marking. City & Guilds also employ an external verifier who will check samples of students work which I have marked. The same principles apply to my practical assessments they are internally & externally verified . I have failed two students on one theory test as I could see from the answers that copying had occurred I was also able to recall that these two students were sitting next to each other. This backs up the comment â€Å"For assessment to work fairly all parties must play the game† Times Education Supplement 2001. I have also failed work on the grounds of plagiarism , I could tell from the language used & the overall standard of work compared to the student’s normal standard of work , that this piece of work was not his own. When marking work I always† comment on good practice first† as stated by Reece I & Walker. S. 2003, this will act as motivation for the student rather than starting on the areas that need improvement. In order to record students progress we have a large master sheet outside the office with all the students names on, a column that indicates the work has been completed & at what grade this means at a quick glance we can monitor how students are progressing as far as grades & completion of course work. We have over 60 students on the course there are 3 tutors including myself who are responsible for maintaining our own records for those we teach . Once we have marked, graded work & fed back to the learners it is placed in a central filing cabinet, where each learner has his own file, which can then be accessed by internal & external verifiers Differentiation should also be taken into account when conducting assessments. I have several students in my group with learning difficulties. There is one who due to literacy issues has difficulty in understanding questions, so when there is a written test I read the questions to him & explain the outcome that the question requires from him. I also plan my questions according to the learner’s abilities using the stretching questions for those students who have a higher academic ability. Other forms of assessment that apply to the teacher are self assessment & peer assessment. During in my time at the college I have already had one peer assessment from my teaching coach. The college also requires you to organise a peer assessment with a teacher from a different vocational area I have organised mine with someone from the finance department. This practice is designed so you can pick up good teaching practice from another area of the college & see the methods used to teach other subjects. I also carry out self evaluations on my sessions in order that I can carry good practice forward & review areas of lessons that did not work, this is very important in my first year of teaching as I am learning a lot on my feet in the classroom. The students have a self assessment exercise within their course. They are asked to work in teams to produce a set menu in the restaurant then write their own critic of how they performed & what their contribution was & how this could be improved. This critique will be marked by the tutor who was present when the practical exercise took place. In summary comprehensive assessment initial, summative & formative is essential throughout the learner’s journey. Students are assessed for a number of reasons which include motivation, to create learning opportunities, to give feedback and to grade from an internal & external point of view. Reference List Reece. I. & Walker. S. (2003) Teaching Training & Learning, 5th Edition, Business Education Publishers, Sunderland,p317 Rage . P. (2001) Times Higher Educational Supplement 2,000 Tips for Lecturers,Routledge, Oxon, p117 Petty. (2004), Teaching Today, 3rd edition, Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham p Wilson. L. (2009),Practical Teaching a guide to PTLLS & DTLLS, Cenage Learning Hampshire.