Is the military-industrial complex a result of the reliance of the Essay

Is the forces-industrial complex a result of the doctrine of the capitalist economy on military production as a stabiliser of - Essay ExamplePresident Eisenhower used the term to refer to the close ties between the military and industrial spheres. The course of military industrial complex can be traced during World War II period, when many companies came into contact with the state. Majority of the companies started manufacturing limbaments and tanks for the government on a epic scale. During the world war, the Department of Defense granted many private companies military contracts in aerospace and the production of military weapons, tanks and vehicles. The US government was not producing weapons like another(prenominal) countries, but contracted private companies to supply the needed military material. As a result of the cold war tensions, many con-agglomerates won valuable defending team contracts. This contributed to the rise of stock prices in the year 1960 (Geisst 2006, p.272). The private companies relied on government contracts to get their revenue. The government also appointed high rank officials in the military as executives and consultants. This gave rise to a close relationship between the military and private corporations, which received a lot of criticism. In the recent years, the military-industrial complex lyric has fallen out of use. However, it is still used in reference to the relationship between governments and armaments producers, who spend enormous amount of budget on the defence sector (Geisst 2006, p. 273). Many governments prefer to buy military equipments and supplies from local private companies at an additional cost. This is what yields the label military-industrial complex, which is an established relationship between the defense establishments and the domestic industries. legions hardware accounts for the largest expenditure on total government equipment expenditure. Contracts awarded by department of defense provide sup pliers with competitive advantage in financial, technological and commercial terms. The reliance on supplies and armor produced by a state own factory is thought to reduce the dependence on private supplies and the vulnerability of a commonwealth to arms embargo. The production of arms by government can help reduce overpricing, abuse and long term dependence on foreign arm producers and private corporations in a country directly (Schiavo-Campo and Hazel 2008, p.271). The United States has become the powerful and incontestable power that has emerged from the centuries of the development of capitalistic economies. The US assumes a center stage on the international economic structure, which relies on the economies of the underdeveloped counties. The U.S internal economy is tied to the world economic system through its move dependency on its military expenditures and its extended exploitation of third world countries. The emergency of U.S as a world power dates back in mechanised pr oduction and technological innovation in the years before 1914. Before the year 1914, America had made access to its expansive natural resources and exploited them, which aroused foreign trade outlets. This also led to the establishment of a flexible protective tariff system making U.S to benefit from financial assistance from sr. nations. This made it possible for U.S to develop a good network of transport and communication. During the World war I, U.S business increased as it move in to take advantage of the markets in the post war era (Cannon and Emile 2011, p.15). During this time, Latin America formed a main target for U.S because it was

Layoff Protocol Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Layoff Protocol Assignment - Essay ExampleThe layoff protocol is to be facilitated by the directors in close co-operation with the charge team. It takes into account the current emotional and psychological distress being experienced in the organization and then requires that the implementation team adequately communicates the importance of this activity.The criteria of selection shall be pegged on four major benchmarks that will include the years of service, the nature of work, performance appraisal records among different factors like recommendation by full stop of departments according to fairness and the organizational policy. The management shall look into requests for volunteering workers who intend to leave for other reasons. Secondly, the committee shall proceed to look at the classification of employees on the verbalise factors as indicated above. The order of priority shall be given to technical employees, those who have served for longer years and are therefore not able to look for other places and highly performing employees as recognized by the human resource policy mechanisms.It is notable that the board arrived at this decision after considering other options and therefore it was the last option. The laid off workers shall also be given priority for redeployment should the current situation

E-Business Paper Essay Example for Free

E-Business Paper EssayBusinesses today operates under intense competition and ar under pressure to provide a product/ service that is customized, of high quality, and delivered in time at lowest possible cost. The growth and development of electronic and communion technology has been a key environmental factor that has revolutionized business in recent times. Many successful business organizations have harnessed electronic and information technology, especially internet to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their business processes to gain competitive advantage. E-business involves business communications and transmissions over networks and through computers, specifically the buy and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds through digital communications. (Hutt Speh, 2004)Dell Computers is a classic example of an organization that has used internet technology to successfully focus its business from a traditional business model to an e-business model . It has used profit to improve the efficiency of many of its business processes and enhanced customer focus, responsiveness and relationships in all its customer segments including individual consumers, small businesses and large corporations. Dell is now able to align with its customers through the internet, on order management, product configuration, design and customization. This has resulted in better service and more satisfied customers for Dell.The Dell website allows the connection to provide low-cost access to both order entry and order tracking 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This has reduced personal selling efforts and driven down the transactions costs massively both for Dell and its customers. The coming of globalization has resulted in supply chain of any organization becoming a key cost driver.Dell has used Internet to electronically think customers, suppliers, intermediaries and alliance partners in spite of organizational, geographical and functional boundari es. It has helped the company to drastically reduce the lead times as brisk data with valuate to gross revenue forecasts, production plans, delivery schedules, shipments through distribution network and inventory levels at various stock points is shared amongst the participants of the supply chain on a substantive time basis. The unauthorized use of such competition critical information is a major risk facing Dell.Effective communication has always been a major challenge to any business. Dell has used Internet to expand its communication capabilities with its customers. Internet leverages the advantages of both, advertising which is paid form of non personal mass communication and personal selling which is face to face communication.Dell provides real time, up-to-date, low cost and fairly customized information to its potential customers in different segments. This has reduced the companys expenses on communication mix to a great extent. The major limitation of Internet as a comm unication tool is that it is impersonal, though information can be customized to a large extent. The purchase of computers is associated with a fairly complex buying behavior, especially for individual consumers. The over emphasis of Dell on Internet technology may drive many of the customers, who are more comfortable with face to face communication for their information needs, to its competitors.Dell has used Internet technology very effectively to penetrate far-flung global markets. It has exploited the technology to expand its customer base all over the globe by implementing order and procurement management systems as well as gross revenue, marketing and customer support functionality. Its website has provided it the necessary coverage freeing it from investment in sales force or bricks mortar assets in every potential market. The company also uses the internet to provide a wealth of marketing information with respect to the segments, the customers and their charging needs. Such information can be used for better responsiveness.Dells e-business success has resulted in the risk of delineating with members of its distributor channel who perform vital marketing activities. The major risk Dell may face in future is that it may not receive co-operation from its channel members when a future unlooked-for situation may call for their support. So also most of the companys strategic data is also available to its competitors who can easily do to its strategic moves. The confidence and the security involved in electronic payments still remains a challenge to Dell.ReferencesHutt, Michael, D Speh, doubting Thomas, W (2004), Business Marketing Management, Thomas Southwestern pp. 117 144

Robert Swindells Essay Example for Free

Robert Swindells EssayHow does Robert Swindells make you feel sympathetic to the situation that homeless concourse find themselves? Robert Swindells makes you feel sympathetic in the carry quite a lot. Here are some reasons I think the main reason is because he uses first person narrative. The homeless character drive out say his opinion on the street because he has the most experience whereas the public and charity can only get facts and exaggerate.Link can too express the difficultness he faces in a diary. Swindells also makes the character say Emotive words which make it sound bad e. g.Link describes the sleeping sincerely bad which make readers fell dirty for him. The first person narrative is good also because Link describes the story as if you were there.The book makes you feel sorry for Link because at the start it shows you how he had no choice but to be homeless because of his stepdad Vince. At the start it showed you how nobody cared about him and how he couldnt do for help or support. At first you think everything will be ok because his sister Carole helps him but the cliff-hanger makes you feel sorry as in the residual he was still let down.You can also see how upset he was when he received a sleeping bag as it was a sign from his family saying hes homeless. The ending is quite sad because you feel upsetting knowing that most of the homeless will never get any better. I think he uses a bad ending to make people be more aware of the homeless and to make you even more he used a murder story. Theres also another bit at the last moment to make you so sympathetic when he finds out that Gails really a journalist. In the book it shows how hard it is for Link to get a job.Its shows each day go past making you feel sorry hes sustentation rough because hes waiting for a job opportunity. In the end he cant find any and it shows him begging for money and how hard it is to encourage people to give and he describes them as head-shakers, pocket-patte rs and shruggers. You feel sympathetic as these words are used. Showing the publics opinion makes you sad as they have a disconfirming opinion about the homeless. The author is trying to show you what you might be like and trying to give you a positive opinion about the homeless. He also tries to show that its very hard to ask for help as its like hes invisible.

Critics of Jeremy Benthem Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Critics of Jeremy Benthem Utilitarianism EssayThough there are many supporters of utilitarianism given over the fact that this theory prioritizes the benefits of the happiness and satisfaction of the majority not the minority, there are some philosophers and scholar who critique its implications. Distastefulness The argument from distaste is frequently expressed as a suggestion that utilitarianism doesnt provide enough support for individuals rights. It says that just in order to achieve its goal, utilitarianism wont care near anything else but to make sure that it basis satisfy the majority. What about the minority?Will they get hurt? Moreover utilitarianism gives no special moral lading to justice. Maybe just outcomes will often capture more overall happiness than unjust ones. But in those cases in which an unjust outcome would produce more happiness, a utilitarian will need to favor it Impossibility The second most common criticism of utilitarianism is that it is impo ssible to apply that happiness, for example, cannot be quantified or measured, that there is no way of calculating a trade-off between intensity and extent, or intensity and probability , or comparing happiness to suffering.Therefore, it is so difficult for us to justify or say that one action is categorized as utilitarianism or not. Impracticality The third most common criticism is that it is as well difficult to apply that we cannot calculate all the effects for all the individuals (either because of the large number of individuals involved, and/or because of the uncertainty). The principle of utility is, essentially, a description of what makes something right or terms so in order for it to fail, someone must give an example of something which is useful but obviously wrong.The principle does not imply that we can calculate what is right or wrong tout ensemble accurately, in advance, or at all It is just impractical to calculate what is right or wrong as required by the the ory. Contracts and promises Utilitarianism gives no special moral weight to things like promises and contracts. If the world would be a slightly better or happier inject if I broke a promise, then, according to the utilitarian, I should break it.(This is true for act utilitarianism in the case of a variant called rule utilitarianism, which holds that we should use utilitarian criteria to evaluate rules rather than individual actions, the situation is more complicated. ) A standard example to illustrate this is the desert island promise. Utilitarianism regards all happiness as equally good, careless(predicate) of who gets it. Making an awful person happy, for the utilitarian, is just as valuable as making a splendid person happy. Many people find this completely unacceptable, holding that happiness is of no value unless the happy person is morally good.

Autism is a developmental disorder of the brain

Autism is a developmental disorder of the brainWhat is Autism? Autism is a developmental disorder of the brain. People with autism take a shit problems communicating or interacting sociablely with society. They too whitethorn establish unusual patterns of behavior, interests and activities. There argon five kinds of autism, which is why doctors use the term autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The lead main types of autism include Classic autism, Aspergers syndrome, Nonspecific pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) A group of pincerren who dont quite fit the criteria for the other types. There ar also twain rare autism disorders Rett syndrome a neurodevelopment disorder that affects mostly girls it includes problems with movement and speech, along with autistic features. Childhood disintegrative disorder a severe type in which the child loses more physical, language and social skills than in classic autism.Autism used to be the term used for bothone with that particular cond ition. Today, on that point are several contrastive sub categories for different levels of disability or function. No two children diagnosed pull up stakes be the same, just there will be many things that they do make in common. With some high functioning autistics most people may not even be aware that they have autism, while others need financial aid in almost any part of life, and they are obviously living a rattling different life than other children. More is being notice about each of these different autism types as time goes on (Evans).Aspergers Disorder is a type of autism that you hear more and more about. These children are frequently misdiagnosed at first, and are thought to have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or perhaps Attention Deficit Disorder. These children are very unskilled with social interactions and have problems with communicating. They have crying motions, and are fixated on patterns of all types. They can have above average language skills, though th ey dont use them well in social situations. They are often clumsy, as motor skills are under developed. Those with Aspergers are thought to have a talent that they centralise on almost exclusively, and are considered to be passing intelligent. Recent findings indicate that Albert Einstein may have had this condition (Evans).Kanners Syndrome is a particular type of autism that was named after Dr. Kanner. He described and studied it in the thirties and into the 1940s. This is the well-known type of this condition that is very common. Those with Kanners have very limited emotional connection with anyone, and they are very into their own little world. They want everything to be the same all of the time, and this includes routine (sometimes down to the exact minute) clothing, food, and television shows or movies. They can be deeply affected by noises, bright lights and smells. They are in general considered to be low functioning, but how well their mind works is largely unknown becaus e of extremely poor social and communion skills (Evans).Pervasive Developmental DisorderNot differently Specified (PDD-NOS) is used to describe children who have most of the same symptoms as classic autism. They will need the same interventions and help that autistic children require. The differences between PDD-NOS and autism are minor and usually only obvious to researchers and doctors (Evans).Retts Syndrome is a rare and relatively little-known type of autism, and it seems to only happen in girls. This branch of autism was first described by Dr. Rett. These patients often have problems with muscle atrophy, and tend to do repetitive hand motions. They are almost always mentally retarded to some degree. These girls are very low functioning and will need care for most of their lives. This particular type of autism has been diagnosed since the sixties, but in the late 1990s a gene that power cause this condition was found (Evans).Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is also rare and s omething that strikes children who appear to have normal development from birth. Usually between two and four years of age this changes. These children begin to regress, and often do not potty train. They will lose the will and the ability to interact with other children, and will lose an interest in playing. They will also have problem with the motor skills that were something they at one time had mastered. They will stop talking, or their communication skills will regress to some degree (Evans).Signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically first seen in toddlers before the age of three, but only half of the children with it are diagnosed before kindergarten. Rett syndrome is caused by a mutation on a gene, while the cause of the other types of autism remain unknown. Some studies suggest that other forms of autism may be inherited (genetic), while other evidence points to infection or the effects of an environmental toxin (poison). Some doctors believe autism may resolving power from a brain dishonor or brain abnormality that occurred during development in the womb or in early infancy. Others have reported evidence that the disorder is a result of abnormal levels of chemicals called neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which send messages between cells in the brain and nerves. ASD affects about 2 to 6 out of 1,000 children, from all racial, ethnic and social backgrounds. It is three to four times more common in boys than in girls, with Rett syndrome being the exception (Wiki).Some of the diagnostic tests performed to see whether a child is autistic or not areBehavioral assessments. Various guidelines and questionnaires are used to help a doctor determine the specific type of developmental clench a child has. These includeMedical history. During the medical history interview, a doctor asks general questions about a childs development, such as whether a child shows parents things by pointing to objects. Young children with autism often point to items they want, but do not point to show parents an item and then check to see if parents are look at the item being pointed out.Diagnostic guidelines for autism. The American Association of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) has established guidelines for diagnosing autism.2 The criteria are designed so a doctor can assess a childs behavior relating to core symptoms of autism. The criteria are designed for children age 3 and older.Other behavioral questionnaires. Additional diagnostic tests focus on children younger than age 3.Clinical observations. A doctor may want to observe the developmentally delayed child in different situations. The parents may be asked to interpret whether certain behaviors are usual for the child in those circumstances.Developmental and intelligence tests. The AACAP also recommends that tests be given to evaluate whether a childs developmental delays affect his or her ability to think and make decisions (WebMD).Some parents believe that the MMR vaccinum (an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella) children receive may cause autism. This theory was establish on two facts. First, the incidence of autism has increased steadily since around the same time the MMR vaccine was introduced. Second, children with the regressive form of autism (a type of autism that develops after a catamenia of normal development) tend to start to show symptoms around the time the MMR vaccine is given. Several major studies have found no connection between the vaccine and autism. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention report that there is no proven link between autism and the MMR vaccine, or any other vaccine. Some doctors believe the increased incidence in autism is due to newer definitions of autism. The term autism now includes a wider spectrum of children. For example, a child who is diagnosed with high-functioning autism today may have been thought to simply be odd or strang e 30 years ago (Oasis).An early, intensive, appropriate treatment program will greatly improve the observation tower for most young children with autism. Most programs will build on the interests of the child in a highly structured schedule of constructive activities. visual aids are often helpful. Treatment is most successful when it is geared toward the childs particular needs. An experienced specialist or team should design the program for the someone child. A variety of therapies are available, including applied behavior analysis (ABA), medications, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language therapy. Sensory integration and vision therapy are also common, but there is little research supporting their effectiveness. The best treatment plan may use a combination of techniques (Oasis).Autism remains a challenging condition for children and their families, but the outlook today is much better than it was a generation ago. At that time, most people with autism we re placed in institutions. Today, with the right therapy, many of the symptoms of autism can be improved, though most people will have some symptoms throughout their lives. Most people with autism are able to live with their families or in the community. The outlook depends on the severity of the autism and the level of therapy the person receives.

Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan Bay

Molluscan Assemblage on the Intertidal Zones of Butuan BayMOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGE (UNIVALVIA AND BIVALVIA) ON THE INTERTIDAL ZONES OF BUTUAN BAY, AGUSAN DEL NORTE, NORTHEASTERN MINDANAOARIEYL C. JAMODIONGINTRODUCTIONCoastal district is one of the shipboard soldier environments where the most intense and harsh conditions in the world occurs. This aquatic biome often deals with the changing of tide daily allowing extreme exposure to sunniness so that high temperature, increase salinity (due to intense evaporation) and low water supply is often experienced in this area. Moreover, this part of the aquatic world is idle to strong action brought about by the wave thereby making this region the most severe environment to live in. In spite of this, large array of zoologys exist because they are well adapted to these extreme conditions. Among these diverse organisms are the molluscs which are the most familiar form of invertebrates on earth. This group of animal is very important ecologicall y and economically since they create a vital link in the marine food web (Burkepile 2007 Castell Sweatman 1997) and the edible forms are writer of protein for human consumption, while the shells are known for its use as raw materials for poultry feeds, cement producer, fertilizers, ornamentals (Paul et al 2014 Tabugo et al 2013 Del Norte-Campos et al 2003 Floren 2003 Schoppe et al 1998) and even has the potency as antiviral drugs (Chatterji et al 2002). Due to these, the coastal zona can therefore be considered as the most productive and since it is easily accessible, this region is conquerable to impacts of anthropogenic activities (Vaghela et al 2010). Without a doubt, exploitation of natural resources (i.e unregulated harvesting) are now ca development catastrophic effects on the molluscan fauna of the intertidal zona (Doloroza Dangan-Galon 2014 Jontila et al 2014 Gomez Mingoa-Licuanan 2006) as a result of rapid increase in human population, tourist development and commerc ial demands.Interplay among environmental ( depository size, wave action, salinity of the interstitial water, perfect matter and calcium carbonate content of the sediment) and biological factors (predation, competition and recruitment) affects the temporal and spatial changes in species copiousness in biological communities (Flores-Rodrguez et al 2014 Esqueda-Gonzalez et al 2014 Rahman Barkati 2012 Batomalaque et al 2010 Rios-Jara et al 2009 de Arruda Amaral 2003 Azouzi et al. 2002). In the Philippines, intense human activities (for instance, harvesting, tourism and fishing) has resulted to un-controlled over exploitation of natural resources especially commercially important species despite international and local anaesthetic laws that banned the harvesting of these valuable commodities. In order for sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources to be precipitate successful, sufficient information on biological diversity must be done. Studies on diversity and abundan ce on molluscs in the country are inadequate which include the works of Dolorosa Dangan-Galon (2014), Picardal Dolorosa (2014), Dolorosa Jontila (2012), Batomalaque et al (2010), Dolorosa Schoppe (2005) with relatively few works done in Mindanao, Philippines (Manzo et al 2014 Tabugo et al 2013). Therefore, the aim of this study is to do assessment on the abundance of molluscan assemblage (gastropods and bivalves) in the intertidal zone of Butuan Bay with the following objectives (1) to measure the physical and chemical parameters of the water (DO, temperature, salinity and pH), and the sediment contents ( native organic matter, calcium carbonate and grain size) (2) to come up with a list of gastropods and bivalves by identifying collected molluscs (3) to compare the abundance and diversity of these molluscan assemblage mingled with established sites and (4) to identify which among the physical, chemical and sediment contents that may control or influence the distribution and abundance of gastropod and bivalve assemblage. It is hoped, that monitoring molluscan biodiversity of any marine ecosystem specifically the easily accessible intertidal zone pass on allow appropriate assessment of the effects of anthropogenic (e.g., pollution, unregulated harvesting, habitat degradation and fishing practices) as well as natural (e.g., hurricanes and currents) factors on species diversity and abundance.MATERIALS AND METHODSDescription of the Study AreaButuan Bay is located in the northeast section of Mindanao and is part of Bohol Sea. It has a latitude of 904N and longitude of cxxv22E (http//en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Butuan_Bay). The well-known Agusan River, which is the longest river in Mindanao, brings freshwater into Butuan bay. The bay is an important fishing ground where most of the fishermen catch tuna and sardines (Wernsted Spencer 1967).Sampling moveFour sampling sites depart be positioned on the intertidal zones of Butuan Bay, Agusan del Norte for the assessment of molluscs (Figure 1). These sites volition be chosen on the basis of the type of substrate and strawman of industries, border resorts and bamboo houses or shanties constructed along the coastline.Station 1 will be find out at Barangay Pook, Tubay where San Roque Metals Inc. is present. The company is involved in nickel mining which dumped its wastes straight into the coast causing the water to turn into a brownish coloration. The intertidal apartment is composed largely of broken corals and is characterized by rubble substrate that may have resulted from the mining demolition. Station 2 will be established along Barangay Marcos, Magallanes where Eurasia Match Inc. (EMI) is located. The company is one of the biggestFigure 1. Geographical locations of the four sampling sites in the intertidal zonesof Butuan Bay, Northeastern Philippines (http//www.maphill.com/philippines/region-10/agusan-del-norte/simple-maps/silver-style-map/)distributor of match in the country. About 250 meters away from this station is the outlet of Agusan River which was reported to have carried with it run-off waters contaminated with residues of hectogram and cyanide believed to have come from Mt. Diwalwal, the biggest mining site located in Compostela Valley (http//www.bar.gov.ph/digest-home/digest-archives/94-2003-4th-quarter/3282-oct-dec03-mercury-contamination-in-agusan-river). The intertidal flat is distinguished by a muddy flat substrate. Station 3 will be established at Barangay Sta. Ana, Nasipit where the Aboitiz floating power barge was situated. The barge makes use of petroleum to provide electricity to the immaculate province of Agusan del Norte during long episode of power shortage. Fish pens are also visible along the area. This area is made up of muddy flat with mangroves situated along the shoreline. Station 4 will be placed at Barangay Vinapor, Carmen where the intertidal zone hosts diverse species of corals and seagrass bed. This site is devoid of a ny industries although several beach resorts are present.Establishment of Transects and QuadratsThree transects, with lengths of 50 meters and positioned perpendicular to the shore, will be placed on the intertidal flat of each sampling site. The interval between transect lines will be 50 meters. Along each transect, four 11 meter quadrats set 10 meters apart from each other, will be laid. inwardly each quadrat, all environmental parameters, sediment samples for compendium of sediment contents, and all molluscs seen will be quantified in situ and will be gathered, respectively. Forty-eight quadrats (48 m2) will be laid down on the intertidal zones for the entire sampling sites during low tide. Employing a GPS (Garmin GPSMAP 76S), coordinates for each sampling sites will be taken.In situ determination of environmental parameters and the contents of the sedimentDetermination of the physical and chemical factors namely, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity will be done dire ctly on the field using the portable DO meter (AMSTAT, AMT07), pen type pH meter (PH-009) and refractometer (ATAGO), respectively. Fifty grams (50g) sediment samples will be collected for the analysis of total organic matter and calcium carbonate using a plastic corer. lubricating oil samples for the grain size determination will be obtained by gathering 200g sediments using a grab taster. Sediment collected will be placed separately in a Ziploc bag and labelled properly. Three sediment samples for the sediment content analysis will be obtained in every quadrat and will be placed inside the freezer until laboratory analysis.Field appeal of Molluscs samplesSamples for the collection of epifauna molluscs will be done by means of picking up live organisms seen on the sediment inside each of the quadrat. Specimens gathered will be stored inside a labelled plastic container and will be preserved with 10% formalin-seawater solution. Conversely, infauna species will be collected using a grab sampler which will be pushed to a depth of 15cm in the center of the quadrat. Sediment sample for the infauna species will be placed in a Ziploc bag.Laboratory analysis of Molluscs samplesInfauna species will be removed from the soil by sieving through a sieve with a 500m mesh opening. Molluscs retained on the sieve will be transferred to a tray and each species encountered will be hand-sorted and preserved in 10% formalin-seawater solution. Immediately, all molluscs will be cleaned, identified to species level and counted. A voucher specimen of each representative species will be set aside and its soft tissues will be removed, its shells will be cleaned and measured to the near 0.1 mm using a Vernier caliper and then pictures will be taken using a digital camera (Sony Cyber-Shot, 16 MP). Counts will be expressed as numerical and relative abundance. Numerical abundance will be expressed as number of individuals per m2, while relative abundance for each species will be calcula ted as a percent of total molluscan species present. Molluscs will be identified using the standard works of Springsteen Leobrera (1986) and the illustrated guides to marine gastropods (http// www.gastropods. com.) and seashells (www.seashellhub.com, www.jaxshells.com.).Laboratory analyses of organic matter contents in the sediments and grain sizeDetermination of calcium carbonate concentration and total organic matter will be quantified using the method described by Moghaddasi et al (2009). Calcium carbonate will be done by drying the sediment samples inside an oven at 70C for about 8 hours. Then, around twenty-five grams (25 g) will be weighed (W1), mixed with HCl (0.1 N) and will be stirred until no CO2 bubbles appeared sooner it will be stored. After 25 hours, the sample will be filtered and the upper liquid phase discarded. The residual sediments will be dried at 70C for 8 hours and reweighed again (W2). Calcium carbonate percentage will be measured by the following formulaCa CO3 (%) = 100 (W1-W2) / W1For the total organic matter (TOM) analysis, a pre-weighed crucible (C) half-filled with the sediment samples will be dried at 70C for 24 hours and afterwards reweighed (A). Subsequently, sediment samples will be placed in a furnace at 550C for about 12 hours, then will be allowed to cool before it will be reweighed again (B). The total organic matter will be calculated as followsTOM (%) = 100 (A-B)(A-C)Grain size will be situated following the method described by Das (2009) using 100g oven-dried sediment which will be sieved using series of screen sieves of 3.35 mm, 0.841 mm, 0.595 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.149 mm, and 0.074 and 0.053 mm mesh opening. Soil particles retained on each sieve will be taken and weighed separately. The percentage of each particle fraction will be computed as shown belowPercentage weight= Dry weight of grained sediments x 100Total dry weight of sedimentsParticle size will be specialised found on the USDA Soil Textural Triangle.Statistic al AnalysesIndex for diversity profiles will be calculated using Shannon-Weaver Index, Margalef Index and Menhinick Index in order to determine changes in the composition of molluscs species.Variation on the abundance of molluscan species between sampling stations will be analyzed using One-way ANOVA.To know which among the environmental parameters and sediment contents that may influence the numerical abundance of molluscan assemblage, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) will be used.Similarities among molluscan assemblage will be compulsive using the Cluster Analysis (Wards Method).PAST (PAleontological STatistical) software version 2.17 will be employed for all the statistical analyses (http//folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/) (Hammer et al., 2001).LITERATURE CITEDAzouzi L., Bourget E., Borcard D., 2002 Spatial variability in the intertidal bivalveMacoma balthica biotic variables in relation to density and abiotic factors. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 234159170.Batomalaque G. A., Arce B. G. P., Hernandez M. B. M., Fontanilla I. K. C., 2010.Survey and spatial distribution of shoreline malacofauna in Grande Island, Subic Bay. Philippine daybook of erudition 139 (2)149-159.Burkepile D., E., Hay M. E., 2007 Predator release of the gastropod Cyphomagibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia 154(1)167173.Castell L. L., Sweatman H. P. A., 1997 Predator-prey interactions among someintertidal gastropods on the Great Barrier Reef. J. Zool. 241(1)145159.Chatterji A., Ansari Z. A., Ingole B. S., Bichurina M. A., Marina S., Baikov Y.A., 2002 Indian maritime Bivalves probable Source of Antiviral Drugs. Current science 8(10)1279-1281.Das B. M. 2009 Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual. 7th Edition, OxfordUniversity Press Inc, New York.de Arruda E. P., Amaral A. C. Z., 2003 Spatial distribution of mollusks in theintertidal zone of sheltered beaches in Southeastern of Brazil. 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A., 2014 Species composition, richness, and distribution of marine bivalve molluscs in Bahia de Mazatlan, Mexico. ZooKeys 3994369. doi 10.3897/zookeys.399.6256.Floren A., 2003 The Philippine shell industry with special focus on Mactan, Cebu.Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. United States Agency for International Development, 50 pp.Flores-Rodrguez P., Flores-Garza R., Garca-Ibez S., Valds-Gonzlez A.,Violante-Gonzlez J., Santiago Corts E., Galeana-Rebolledo L., Torreblanca-Ramrez C., 2012 Mollusk species richness on the rocky shores of the State of Guerrero, Mexico, as affected by rains and their geographical distribution. Natural Resources 3248-260.Gomez E. D., Mingoa-Licuanan S. S., 2006 Achievements and lessons learned inrestocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries look into 80(1)46-52.Hammer O., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D., 2001 PAST paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. 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